hot forged valve carrier

Valve seats are often formed by first press-fitting an approximately cylindrical piece of a hardened metal alloy, such as Stellite, into a cast depression in a cylinder head above each eventual valve stem position,[1] and then machining a conical-section surface into the valve seat that will mate with a corresponding conical-section of the corresponding valve. Generally two conical-section surfaces, one with a wider cone angle and one with a narrower cone-angle, are machined above and below the actual mating surface, to form the mating surface to the proper width (called "narrowing" the seat), and to enable it to be properly located with respect to the (wider) mating surface of the valve, so as to provide good sealing and heat transfer, when the valve is closed, and to provide good gas-flow characteristics through the valve, when it is opened.